Antifitoviralno djelovanje tri različita eterična ulja na virus mozaika duhana
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54652/rsf.2013.v43.i2.111Ključne riječi:
anti phytoviral activity, essential oil, Tobacco mosaic virusSažetak
UDK 665.52:635.7]:632.38
632.38:633.71
Mnogo godina se antiviralno djelovanje eteričnih ulja manje istraživalo u odnosu na njihov negativan učinak na druge mikrobe. U novije vrijeme, in vitro je dokazana antiviralna aktivnost mnogih eteričnih ulja, a u najvećem broju istraživanja korišteni su animalni i humani virusi sa ovojnicom. Antifitoviralno djelovanje eteričnih ulja nije sistemski istraživano na području naše zemlje, ali ni regije, pa trenutno postoji nedovoljno informacija o efektima eteričnih ulja na viruse i viralne infekcije u biljnim domaćinima. Budući da dosadašnji tretmani suzbijanja virusa hemijskim supstancama nisu dali dobre rezultate, a antifitoviralno djelovanje eteričnih ulja je relativno slabo istraženo, glavni cilj ovog istraživanja bio je izvršiti in vivo ispitivanje antifitoviralnog djelovanja eteričnih ulja kajeputa (Melaleuca leucadendron (L.) L.), mirte (Myrtus communis L.) i primorskog vriska (Satureja montana L.) na virus mozaika duhana, koji inficira preko 200 vrsta biljaka iz oko 30 porodica. Virus mozaika duhana, soj vulgare (TMV PV-0107) je propagiran u dijagnostičkim biljkama duhana (Nicotiana tabacum L. 'White Barley'), nakon čega je izvršena mehanička inokulacija diferencijalnih biljnih domaćina virusa: kvinoje (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), krastavca (Cucumis sativus L.) i graha (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).
Virusni inokulum je pripremljen od listova N. tabacum L. 'White Barley' inficiranih TMV-om. Sistemično inficirani lisni materijal je odrezan sterilnim žiletom i homogeniziran u tarioniku pomoću prethodno ohlađenog 0.06 M fosfatnog pufera, pH 7.0. Za inokulaciju pokusnih biljaka je korištena tzv. metoda pola lista. Na lijevu (kontrolnu) polovinu lista nanesen je čisti viralni inokulum, a na desnu (eksperimentalnu) polovinu lista inokulum koji je sadržavao eterično ulje. U ispitivanju antifitoviralnog djelovanja odabranih eteričnih ulja, korištene su koncentracije od 1, 2 i 3 μl eteričnog ulja/ml infektivnog soka. Postotak inhibicije virusa je izračunat na osnovu utvrđenog broja viralnih lezija na eksperimentalnoj i kontrolnoj polovini lisne lamine, a statistička signifikantnost razlike između prosječnog broja lezija na kontrolnoj i eksperimentalnoj polovini lista je procijenjena korištenjem Studentovog t-testa, na nivou značajnosti od 5%.
Sva testirana eterična ulja su pokazala visok nivo učinkovitosti protiv TMV-a. Postotak virusne inhibicije eteričnim uljem kajeputa bio je najveći u eksperimentalnim biljkama Ch. quinoa, a iznosio je 100% u svim testiranim koncentracijama, dok je eterično ulje primorskog vriska uzrokovalo najvišu i najširu inhibitornu aktivnost na virus mozaika duhana, respektirajući različite koncentracije i diferencijalne biljne domaćine.
Eterično ulje mirte je ovim istraživanjem prvi put testirano kao antifitoviralni agens, a visok nivo virusne inhibicije koju uzrokuje sugerira njegovu potencijalnu upotrebu u kontroli viroza. Svi eksperimenti su izvedeni in vivo, što je rijetkost u istraživanju antiviralnog djelovanja biljnih supstanci. U narednom periodu potrebno je izvršiti identifikaciju farmakodinamičkih karakteristika i istražiti precizne mehanizme djelovanja eteričnih ulja na viruse, čime bi se proširio spektar upotrebe ovih biljnih sekundarnih metabolita kao alternativnih antimikrobnih supstanci.
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